What system is based on the principle that landowners have rights to all resources beneath their land?

The answer is based on the concept of "absolute ownership," which is a legal principle that grants landowners full rights to the resources located beneath their property. This means that landowners can exploit and use these resources as they see fit, without needing to consider the rights of neighbors or public interest, unless restricted by law. This principle is often rooted in the idea of private property rights, where the landowner has complete control over what is beneath their land, including minerals, water, and other resources.

In contrast, riparian rights pertain to landowners who own land adjacent to water bodies and are entitled to use the water, but this does not extend to absolute control of subsurface resources. Regulatory ownership involves oversight and restrictions by government entities which may limit how resources can be used or accessed, reflecting a balance between private ownership and public interest. Common ownership typically refers to resources that are owned collectively by a community or group, as opposed to individual landowners having exclusive rights.