Which of the following characteristics of raw water must be considered when selecting a treatment chemical?

When selecting a treatment chemical for raw water, it is crucial to consider factors that influence both the water's chemistry and its suitability for treatment. The answer that includes pH, temperature, alkalinity, total organic carbon (TOC), and color encompasses several key aspects that are vital for effective water treatment:

• pH is fundamental because it affects the solubility and availability of treatment chemicals. Many processes, such as coagulation and disinfection, require specific pH ranges to function effectively.

• Temperature can affect chemical reaction rates, the solubility of gases (like chlorine), and the behavior of microorganisms in disinfection processes.

• Alkalinity serves as a buffer, helping to stabilize pH during chemical treatment. It influences the effectiveness of chemicals like coagulants and disinfectants.

• Total Organic Carbon (TOC) represents the amount of organic material present, which can influence the formation of disinfection byproducts and the demand for disinfectants.

• Color can indicate the presence of organic materials or metals that may require specific treatment chemicals for removal or reduction.

This combination of factors provides a comprehensive picture of the water's characteristics, enabling water treatment professionals to choose the most effective chemical treatments tailored to